How addiction develops: bio-psycho-socio-spiritual factors

MUDr. Bc. Jana Malinovská

August 11, 2025

Addiction is not merely a question of weak will or a single bad decision, and it is not simply the result of one cause, but rather a complex set of interconnected factors. The modern view of addiction therefore uses the so-called bio-psycho-socio-spiritual model, which includes four fundamental pillars: biological, psychological, social, and spiritual. This model helps us better understand why addiction arises, how it can be effectively treated, and how to prevent relapse.

Biological Pillar (Body)

Genetics and Heredity: Some people have a genetically higher risk of developing addiction.
Physical changes in the brain: The use of addictive substances affects brain circuits and chemistry, leading to physical dependence.
Health status: Chronic illnesses, pain, or other physical issues can increase susceptibility to substance use.
Tolerance and withdrawal: The body gets used to the substance and requires higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Psychological Pillar (Mind)

Ways of thinking and experiencing: Negative thought patterns, anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem can promote the development of addiction.
Self-medication: Using substances as an escape from psychological stress, trauma, or pain, or as a reaction to mental illness (anxiety disorders, depression, ADHD).
Psychological dependence: The craving for a substance is linked to the need to improve mood or escape reality.
Low stress tolerance: Lack of coping strategies for managing stress and increased vulnerability can lead to loss of control over substance use.

Social Pillar (Relationships)

Family and environment: The quality of relationships, family background, and support play a crucial role in both the development and treatment of addiction.
Peer pressure: Friends, colleagues, or the community can influence an individual’s behavior.
Social status and environment: Poverty, social isolation, or lack of support increase the risk of addiction.
Sense of belonging: The desire to fit in can lead to substance use.

Spiritual Pillar (Soul)

Meaning of life and values: Loss of meaning, inner emptiness, or conflicts of values can lead to seeking relief in substances.
Morality and conscience: Feelings of guilt, shame, or internal conflict can sustain addiction.
Connection with others and spirituality: Seeking a higher purpose, faith, or inner strength supports recovery, hope for healing, and motivation for change.
Healing and forgiveness: The recovery process involves forgiving oneself and others and strengthening inner resolve.

How the Pillars Contribute to Addiction Development

Each pillar represents a separate but interconnected factor. For example, genetic predisposition can increase risk, but without a supportive social environment and coping strategies, the risk becomes even greater. Psychological trauma, social isolation, or loss of purpose in life can lead a person to seek relief in addictive substances.

The Importance of Understanding All Four Pillars in Addiction Treatment

Comprehensive approach: Effective addiction treatment requires addressing all levels—biological (physical), psychological, social, and spiritual.
Individual plan: Every person has a unique combination of risk factors, so it is important to tailor treatment.
Relapse prevention: Strengthening all pillars increases the chance of long-term recovery and lowers the risk of relapse.
Support and motivation: Involving family, community, and personal growth helps a person find new meaning and motivation.

Each pillar is important, and their interconnection is the key to successful therapy. Effective addiction treatment requires a comprehensive view of the person and their life circumstances.

If you want to talk about your problems with a specialist, feel free to schedule a consultation. I am here for anyone who needs help with addiction. Together we will find a solution.